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The Sami people (also Sámi or Saami), traditionally known in English as Lapps or Laplanders, are an indigenous Finno-Ugric people inhabiting the Arctic area of Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of far northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Kola Peninsula of Russia, and the border area between south and middle Sweden and Norway. The Sami are the only indigenous people of Scandinavia recognized and protected under the international conventions of indigenous peoples, and are hence the northernmost indigenous people of Europe. Sami ancestral lands span an area of approximately 388,350 km2 (150,000 sq. mi.), which is approximately the size of Norway, in the Nordic countries. Their traditional languages are the Sami languages and are classified as a branch of the Uralic language family. Traditionally, the Sami have pursued a variety of livelihoods, including coastal fishing, fur trapping, and sheep herding. Their best-known means of livelihood is semi-nomadic reindeer herding. Currently about 10% of the Sami are connected to reindeer herding, providing them with meat, fur, and transportation. 2,800 Sami people are actively involved in herding on a full-time basis.〔http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_reindeer.pdf〕 For traditional, environmental, cultural, and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved only for Sami people in certain regions of the Nordic countries.〔http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3760/is_200001/ai_n8885279〕 ==Etymologies== The Sámi are often known in other languages by the exonyms ''Lap'', ''Lapp'', or ''Laplanders''. Some Sami regard these as pejorative terms, while others do not.〔 Variants of the name ''Lapp'' were originally used in Sweden and Finland and, through Swedish, adopted by all major European languages: (英語:Lapps); German, (オランダ語:Lappen); (ロシア語:лопари́) (''lopari''); (ウクライナ語:лопарі́); (フランス語:Lapons); (ギリシア語:Λάπωνες) (''Lápōnes''); (ハンガリー語:lappok); (イタリア語:Lapponi); (ポーランド語:Lapończycy); (ポルトガル語:Lapões); (スペイン語:Lapones); (ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():laponi); (トルコ語:Lapon). The first known historical mention of the Sami, naming them ''Fenni'', was by Tacitus, about 98 A.D. Variants of ''Finn'' or ''Fenni'' were in wide use in ancient times, judging from the names ''Fenni'' and ''Phinnoi'' in classical Roman and Greek works. ''Finn'' (or variants, such as ''skridfinn'', "striding Finn") was the name originally used by Norse speakers (and their proto-Norse speaking ancestors) to refer to the Sami, as attested in the Icelandic Eddas and Norse sagas (11th to 14th centuries). The etymology is somewhat uncertain, but the consensus seems to be that it is related to Old Norse ''finna'', from proto-Germanic *finthanan ("to find"), the logic being that the Sami, as hunter-gatherers "found" their food, rather than grew it. It has been suggested, however, that it may originally have been a more general term for "northern hunter gatherers", rather than referring exclusively to the Sami, which may explain why two Swedish runestones from the 11th century apparently refer to what is now southwestern Finland as ''Finland''. Note that in Finnish, Finns (inhabitants of Finland) do not refer to themselves as Finns. As Old Norse gradually developed into the separate Scandinavian languages, Swedes apparently took to using Finn exclusively to refer to inhabitants of Finland, while Sami came to be called Lapps. In Norway, however, Sami were still called Finns at least until the modern era (reflected in toponyms like Finnmark, Finnsnes, Finnfjord and Finnøy) and some Northern Norwegians will still occasionally use Finn to refer to Sami people, although the Sami themselves now consider this to be a pejorative term. Finnish immigrants to Northern Norway in the 18th and 19th centuries were referred to as "Kvens" to distinguish them from the Sami "Finns". Ethnic Finns are a distinct group from Sami. The exact meaning of the term ''Lapp'', and the reasons it came into common usage, are unknown; in modern Scandinavian languages, ''lapp'' means "a patch of cloth for mending", which may be a description of the clothing, called a gakti, that the Sámi wore. Another possible source is the Finnish word ''lape'', which in this case means "periphery". It is unknown how the word ''Lapp'' came into the Norse language, but one of the first written mentions of the term is in the ''Gesta Danorum'' by 12th-century Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus, who referred to ''the two Lappias'', although he still referred to the Sami as (Skrid-)Finns. In fact, Saxo never explicitly connects the Sami with the "two Laplands". The term "Lapp" was popularized and became the standard terminology by the work of Johannes Schefferus, ''Acta Lapponica'' (1673), but was also used earlier by Olaus Magnus in his ''Description of the Northern people'' (1555). There is another suggestion that it originally meant "wilds". In Finland and Sweden, ''Lapp'' is common in place names, such as ''Lappi'' (Satakunta), ''Lappeenranta'' (South Karelia) and ''Lapinlahti'' (North Savo) in Finland; and ''Lapp'' (Stockholm County), ''Lappe'' (Södermanland) and ''Lappabo'' (Småland) in Sweden. As already mentioned, ''Finn'' is a common element in Norwegian (particularly Northern Norwegian) place names, whereas ''Lapp'' is exceedingly rare. In the North Sámi language, ''láhppon olmmoš'' means a person who is lost (from the verb láhppot, to get lost). Sámi refer to themselves as ''Sámit'' (the Sámis) or ''Sápmelaš'' (of Sámi kin), the word ''Sámi'' being inflected into various grammatical forms. It has been proposed that Sámi (presumably borrowed from the Proto-Finnic word), ''Häme'' (Finnish for Tavastia) ( ← Proto-Finnic *''šämä'', the second ''ä'' still being found in the archaic derivation ''Hämäläinen''), and perhaps ''Suomi'' (Finnish for Finland) (← *''sōme-''/''sōma-'', compare ''suomalainen'', supposedly borrowed from a Proto-Germanic source *''sōma-'' from Proto-Baltic *''sāma-'', in turn borrowed from Proto-Finnic *''šämä'') are of the same origin and ultimately borrowed from the Baltic word '' *žēmē'', meaning "land". The Baltic word is cognate with Slavic ''земля (zemlja)'', which also means "land". The Sámi institutions—notably the parliaments, radio and TV stations, theatres, etc.—all use the term ''Sámi'', including when addressing outsiders in Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, or English. In Norwegian, the Sámi are today referred to by the Norwegianized form ''same'', whereas the word ''lapp'' would be considered archaic and pejorative. Terminological issues in Finnish are somewhat different. Finns living in Finnish Lapland generally call themselves ''lappilainen'', whereas the similar word for the Sámi people is ''lappalainen''. This can be confusing for foreign visitors because of the similar lives Finns and Sámi people live today in Lapland. Lappalainen is also a common family name in Finland. As in the Scandinavian languages, ''lappalainen'' is often considered archaic or pejorative, and ''saamelainen'' is used instead, at least in official contexts. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sami people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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